unidad didáctica LAS PLANTAS - Educarm

unidad didáctica LAS PLANTAS - Educarm

http://www.educarm.net/udicom/unid9/program9.pdf

esquema imagen de las partes de un rosal y de una rosa

Stones like garden ornamental elements

Stones of different shapes, sizes, and colors and are an often used to decorate the gardens.
  http://plantas-y-flores.blogspot.com/
In the garden paths are used as floor like pools edges, forming small fences, around plants and flowers.

 http://plantas-y-flores.blogspot.com/

the flower vocabulary an organ of sexual reprodution diagram

Flower Receptacle Sepal Calyx Petal Corolla Pistil Style Ovary Ovule Stamen Anther	Filament Pollination Self-pollination Cross-pollination Fertilization Pollen grain Tube cell Pollen tube Generative cell Sperm cell Zygote Fruit	Dry Fleshy Simple Aggregate Multiple Seed Seed coat Cotyledon Radicle Hypocotyl Epicotyl Germination Seed dispersal

The Flower: an organ of sexual reproduction

What part of a flower are you eating when you eat an apple?

Flowers are composed of modified leaves. Each floral structure represents a different modification of a leaf. Not all flowers have the same parts, but male and/or female structures are essential.

Parts of a flower: 

 Receptacle: (#6)

• The swollen tip of the stalk (#7) supporting the flower.
• You might think of a flower as a highly modified branch, the flower parts being highly modified leaves.

 Sepal: (#5)

• The outer floral structure.
• Most sepals are green, but they can be brightly colored like the petals.
• Sepals protect the flower before blooming.
• All the sepals together are called the calyx.

 Petal: (#4)

• Attached just inside the sepals.
• Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators.
• All the petals together are called the corolla.

 Pistil:  the female organ.

• Stigma (#1), the open top of the pistil. It is sticky so it can trap pollen grains.
• Style (#2), the hollow tube leading to the ovary.
• Ovary (#3), composed of fused ovules.
• Ovules, each ovule produces one egg cell.

Stamen:  the male organ. Anther (#9), produces pollen grains which contain sperm cells. Filament (#8), supports the anther.

superdiagram of all the parts of the flowers

• Anther: The anther is part of the stamen and produces the pollen.


• Articulation: Another term for articulation is internode. Articulation describes the space between two nodes (joints).


• Calyx: The whorl of sepals on the outside of a flower is referred to as the calyx.


• Corolla: The whorl of petals is called the corolla.


• Filament: The filament provides support for the anther in the stamen.


• Floral Axis: The floral axis is the stem holding the reproductive flower parts.


• Microsporangium: The microsprangium is located in the anther and produces microspores, which become male gametophytes. These male gametophytes will later be used in forming the pollen grains.


• Nectary: The nectary produces nectar, a sweet liquid that attracts insects and birds for feeding. As they drink the nectar, the nearby pollen sticks to them and is transported to other flowers.


• Ovary: The ovary houses the ovules and will become the fruit after pollination.


• Ovule: The ovules contain egg cells and become the seeds after pollination.


• Pedicel:The pedicel is the flower stalk.


• Perianth: The perianth is the collective term for the calyx and corolla.


• Petal: The petal is designed to attract pollinators to the flower and protect the stamen and pistil. Many have patterns that can be seen in ultraviolet light by bees and other insects. These indicate where the nectar is located.


• Pistil: The pistil is the female reproductive part in the flower. It includes the ovary, style, and stigma.


• Sepal: Sepals are found on the outside of the flower in a whorl. They are usually green. The group of sepals is called the calyx.


• Stamen: The stamen is the male reproductive organ in the plant. It consists of the anther and filament.


• Stigma: The stigma is the sticky surface where pollen lands and is collected to fertilize the ovules.


• Style: The style is part of the pistil and holds the stigma above the ovary.

Glossary of kalo terms diagram

A-C   D-F   G-K   L-O   P-T   U-Z

‘a‘a‘a: Vascular bundles, or fibers in the taro corm (kalo).

a‘a lau: Midrib and veins of the taro leaf.

‘ala: Fragrant, sweet-smelling, perfumed.

‘ao lū‘au: Unexpanded leaf blade of taro.

‘api‘i: ruffled, curly; kalo variety with crinkles under the leaf.

‘apo wale: To grasp needlessly.

‘apu: Coconut shell cup; to drink; a general name for medical potions made from taro; a taro variety.

blade: Broad part of a leaf.

corm: Bulb-like underground modified stem with rings of leaf scars on the surface.

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‘eka‘eka: Dirty; red color of soil.

‘ele‘ele: Dark-colored; black.

‘elepaio: A Hawaiian species of flycatcher (bird); a variety of taro with mottled leaves.

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hā: Petiole; leaf stalk.

hāloa: long petiole; name for Lauloa taro; name of a son of Wākea, the mythical ancestor of all Hawaiians.

hinu: Oily, greasy, smooth & polished.

huli: Taro top or shoot; planting material consisting of a large central bud cut from the apex of the corm; 30-60 mm of corm attached to 15-30 cm of the basal portion of the petiole.

huluhulu: Adventitious roots arising from the corm; lit. hair, hairy.

‘ili kalo : Skin, rind, outer surface of the taro corm.

‘i‘o kalo : Flesh of the taro corm.

ka‘e lau: Margin or edge of the taro leaf.

kahuna: Priest.

kāī: The name of a group of taro varieties, possibly tolerant of saline conditions? (kai - salt water)

kalalau: Wanderer; name of a valley on Kaua‘i.

kalo: Taro (Colocasia esculenta), whole taro plant; parent corm (kalo-makua).

kalo malo‘o: Dry or upland taro.

kalo wai: Wetland taro.

kea: Light-colored, white.

ke‘oke‘o: White or whitish, very light colored.

kōhina: Part of the taro where the corm is cut away from the top.

kūlolo: Hawaiian pudding prepared from baked or steamed grated taro and coconut milk or cream.

kūmū: A red-colored goatfish (Parupeneus porphyreus); a variety of taro.

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lau: Leaf, leaves.

lauloa: Long leaf.

laulau: Wrapping, packages of taro leaves containingpork, beef, salted fish or taro tops, baked in the ground oven (imu), steamed or broiled.

leaf: An expanded, photosynthetic (green) organ of a plant (lau, lū‘au).

lehua: A group of taro varieties making red poi.

le‘o: Lofty, tall, high; influence arising from station; a taro variety.

lihi māwae: Edge, rim, margin (lihi) of the petiole groove (māwae).

liko: Leaf bud; newly opened leaf; the first leaf of a taro plant.

loa: Long, tall.

lo‘i: An irrigated terrace for growing taro.

lola: Drooping leaf.

lū‘au: Young taro tops; young, delicate inner leaves baked with cocnut cream and chicken or octopus; Hawaiian feast.

maea: Strong or bad smelling.

mahae: To tear or split; leaf sinus or indentation.

mahola: To spread out; unexpanded leaf blade.

mākoko: Reddish.

makua: Parent; mature; main stalk of a taro plant.

mana: To branch; group of taro varieties characterised by branching of parent corm at apex.

mane‘o: Itch, itchy; smarting of the throat after eating raw taro or greens.

manini: A common striped reef surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus), commonly called 'convict tang'; a variety of taro with striped petioles.

maoli: Native; indigenous; genuine.

maturity: Time at which corm reaches full size and ready for harvest; can be indicated by yellow color of senescent leaves, shortness of petioles, and decrease in size of leaves. ref

māwae: Crack, crevice; petiole groove.

moana: Broad, wide.

moano: Pale red; the color of the moano fish, a goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus).

moi: A threadfish (Polydactylus sexfilis); a taro variety.

nāwao: A domesticated taro that has gone wild in the forest (wao).

‘oene: Small sized taro; last taro taken from a crop; a taro variety.

‘ohā: Corms (cormlets), suckers or shoots produced from the parent corm.

‘ohe: Hawaiian bamboo.

‘oko‘a: Different, urelated, another.

‘ōma‘o: Green.

‘o‘opukai: A taro variety having petioles with a color similar to the salt water (kai) ‘o‘opu (Species name?).

‘ōpelu: A fish (mackeral).

‘owali: Weak, sickly.

‘owene: Small sized taro; last taro taken from a crop.

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pa‘i ‘ai: Hard pounded but undiluted taro.

pākē: China, Chinese.

pala: Soft, ripe, mellow, soft, rotten, to yellow.

papa: Native born; a stratum, layer, or foundation..

pele: Lava flow, volcano, eruption; the volcano goddess, Pele.

petiole: Leaf stalk or stem (hā).

piko: Navel; upper surface of a leaf blade at the point of junction with the petiole; group of taro varieties characterised by the blade cut to the sinus.

poi: Pasty mass made by pounding or grinding cooked taro corms, with sufficient water added to obtain proper consistency.

pololū: Long spear; valley on Hawai‘i.

poni: Royal; purple.

pua: Flower or blossum.

pu‘u: Secondary cormlets, too small to cook and not yet producing leaves (lit. a protuberance).

saggitate: Arrow-head shaped.

sinus: Cleft, depression or recess between the two lobes of the taro leaf.

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uaua: Tough, elastic, viscid, glutinous, leathery, not easily broken.

‘ula‘ula: Red, rosy, scarlet (‘ula).

uliuli: Dark or dusky color (uli).

‘ulu: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis).

wai: Water, liquid.

diagram The ancestor of all modern flowers probably had all the parts shown below, as do many modern flowers.

a The petals attract pollinators, and the sepal and bract often support the flower. The ovary contains the female reproductive parts, and the stamens (the male reproductive system) store the pollen — though these two parts may have occurred in separate individuals in the ancestral flower.

However as flowering plants diversified, different lineages evolved to use these basic parts in different ways. For example, in poinsettias, the bract evolved bright red coloration and began to function as an advertisement to pollinators. So those "petals" in a poinsettia are not actually petals — they are homologous to bracts in most other flowering plants, meaning that both evolved from the same structure in their common ancestor. On the flipside, poinsettia bracts look and function much like the petals found in most other flowering plants, meaning that the two structures are analogous — or similar because of convergent evolution. The real petals of a poinsettia were lost entirely as they evolved.

The red structures of poinsettias are bracts. The poinsettia flowers are the tiny structures in the middle of the bracts, as seen in the close-up view on the right. The real petals have been lost.

The Costaceae, on the other hand, have relatively woody bracts (though they do sometimes play a role in pollinator attraction) — but two of their stamens (the pollen-bearing male reproductive organs) are quite unusual. These stamens evolved to be sterile, fused together, and now function as a petal. Together, these modified stamens form a structure called the labellum. The labellum in gingers is homologous to stamens and analogous to petals in most other flower lineages.

	The labellum on this Costaceae looks like a petal, but it is really a pair of modified stamens.